Applied Behavior Analysis In Psychology - 852 Words

This method was implemented alongside of the student’s typical Applied Behavior Analysis interventions. The researchers addressed certain elements they wanted to monitor in the students. These were eye contact, length of time being seated, body posture, body awareness, balance and depth perceptions, imitation, receptive skills related to spatial relationships, and self-injurious behavior (Radhakrishna et al., 2010). The results from this study were broken up into three parts: baseline characteristics, impact on the symptoms associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder, and effects on the behaviors, communication skills, imitation, and repetitive behaviors. During the beginning practices, the behaviors that were coming up in the classrooms†¦show more content†¦Many researchers believe that individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder receive input from their muscle movements better than from their eyes and ears, like a typically developing individual would (Goldberg, 2004). Some individuals respond well to deep squeezes or pressure on their bodies. An example of this would be weighted blankets or weighted vests that are often used as calming techniques in classrooms. The act of putting physical movement with language prompts improved the students’ ability to recall information, imitation skills, and receptive responses to verbal cues. Research suggests that the central nervous system in individuals with Autism processes information differently. This may cause an over or under stimulation. The use of repetitive behaviors is often used for students to cope with an over stimulation or a frustrating feeling that they may be experiencing. The repetitiveness of the Integrated Approach to Yoga Therapy may have made the children in the study experience a sense of calmness and comfort. Impaired social skills are often associated Autism Spectrum Disorder. Social skills are described as the abilities to interact with other people. This can be through verba l and non-verbal cues. Receptive and expressive language skills are necessary to initiating and maintainingShow MoreRelatedCognitive And Intellectual Disorders, By Dr. Brian Iwata Essay1186 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction As a professor of psychology and psychiatry at the University of Florida, Dr. Brian Iwata is the field’s foremost researcher on functional analysis methodology of problematic behaviors. He has held faculty positions at both Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and Western Michigan University before settling down at the University of Florida. After receiving his Ph.D. from Florida State University, Dr. Iwata set out to revolutionize the disciplines of behavioral and intellectualRead MoreDefinition Of Applied Behavior Analysis Essay1554 Words   |  7 Pagesresearch understanding and treatment of those diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). 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Applications of psychology include mentalRead MoreA School Based Functional Behavioral Assessments890 Words   |  4 Pagesreceived doctorate degrees in School Psychology. Mark Steege is now a professor of School Psychology at the University of Southern Maine and has been the involved with the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis and School Psychology Review for many years by serving several terms as an editorial board member. Mainly all his research interest includes the identifying and treating people who have developmental disabilities through interventions and applied behavior analysis. The other author of the bookRead MoreAnalysis : Becoming An Applied Behavior Analysis Specialist851 Words   |  4 PagesBecoming an Applied Behavior Analysis Specialist Becoming an Applied Behavior Analysis Specialist Applied behavioral analysts study and work at modifying behavioral disorders. The techniques--which are supported by clinical studies--are effective for treating many disorders including autism spectrum disorder and other developmental issues. The work includes researching therapeutic techniques to improve behavior, observing the relationships between environment and behavior trends. There are marketingRead MoreSome Current Dimensions Of Applied Behavior Analysis990 Words   |  4 PagesBaer, D. M., Wofl, M. M., Risley, T. R. (2015, 11 5). Some Current Dimensions of Applied Behavior Analysis. Retrieved from ncbi.nlm.nih.gov: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13109980/pdf/jaba00083-0089.pdf Barrish, H. H., Saunders, M., Wolf, M. (2015, 11 6). Good Behavior Game: Effects of Individual Contingencies for GroupConsequences On Disruptive Behavior In A Classroom. Retrieved from Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1311049/pdf/jaba0080-0043.pdf Bruce A. Thyer, PRead More The Relevance of Behavioral Psychology to Instructional Technology1503 Words   |  7 PagesThe Relevance of Behavioral Psychology to Instructional Technology Behavioral Psychology Defined John Watson wrote a paper in the Psychological Review in 1913 and defined behavioral psychology or behaviorism as †¦a purely objective experimental branch of natural science. Its theoretical goal is the prediction and control of behavior. Introspection forms no essential part of its methods, nor is the scientific value of its data dependent upon the readiness with which they lend themselvesRead MorePsychology : Cognitive Psychology And Psychology1154 Words   |  5 Pagesproblem-solving, learning, memory, language and more come are explained by Cognitive psychology. With these necessary functions, you may wonder, just what is cognitive Psychology? Cognitive psychology is a branch of psychology that covers the mental processes of how people receive, retain and grasp information and situations. The term â€Å"cognition† stems from the Latin word â€Å" cognoscere† or to know. Basically, cognitive psychology studies how people acquire and apply knowledge or information. It is closelyRead MoreIntroduction to Cross-Cultural Psychology1133 Words   |  5 PagesRunning head: Introduction to Cross-Cultural Psychology Anne Solomon Diversity and Cultural Factors in Psychology/PSY450 Professor Iman Turner July 3, 2011 Introduction to Cross-Cultural Psychology Cross-cultural psychology is the critical and comparative study of the effects on human psychology. Cross-cultural psychology draws its conclusions from at least two samples that represent at least two cultural groups. 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Individual Experience And Reflexivity By Renato Rosaldo s...

Individual experience and reflexivity ought to be utilized inside humanities as an instrument to ponder the society that is consistently mulled over and not a refocusing of consideration on the self. Works, for example, Dorinne Kondo s Disintegration and Reconstitution of Self, utilize the thought of reflexivity as a mirror in which to view the society being considered in an alternate way. This utilization of reflexivity considers the center to stay on the society being concentrated on. A move far from this is the new limb of humanistic human studies spoke to in this article by Renato Rosaldo s Sadness and a Headhunter s Rage and Ruth Behar s Humanities that Breaks Your Heart permits anthropologists to utilize reflexivity as an approach to investigate widespread human emotions. For me, this is not the investigation of human sciences as much as reflexive toward oneself brain science. The center movements from society to self. The anthropologists totally comprehends the emotions of the individuals he/she is contemplating. I believe that it is fairly goal-oriented to express that feeling is univeral, and I don t feel that it is the employment of anthropologists to do so. The reflexive voice is an essential part of ethnographic written work, however the anthropologist must be mindful so as not to move center from focusing on society to focusing on herself. Dorinne Kondo makes a superb showing in her exposition Disintegration and Reconstitution of Selfin utilizing

Solar Energy Outline Essay Example For Students

Solar Energy Outline Essay Thesis: Ever since the dawn of time, the sun has been a resource we cannot live or do without, so its not such a shock that man has come up with the idea of solar energy. Solar energy had many uses. Some can be dangerous and some, a very valuable asset to the modern world. I. What is solar energy? A. Solar energy is energy derived from the sun in a form of ultra-violetrays. Its was first applied to use in 212 B.C., by the Greek geniusArchimedes. Solar energy was used to defend the habor of Syracuse againstthe Roman fleet. Archimedes used a mirror or burning mirror as theyhad called it, to set fire to the ships of the Roman fleets while standing onshore (McDaniels 83). It wasnt until 1615 when Salomon de Cauxconstructed the first solar device; a solar engine. His device was made ofglass lenses, supporting frame, and an airtight metal vessel containingwater and air. This produced a small water fountain when the air heatedup during operation. This was considered to be more of a toy than a device,but it was the first published account of the use of solar energy since the fallof the Roman Empire (Cheremisinoff 1). Some other use of solar energy after that was the solar roof and thesolar oven. The solar roof was thought up by Harold Hay. In a solar roofsystem, water is contained in a clear plastic bag and it is placed on a blackmetal roof. Hay got the idea while traveling in India on a technical aidmission for the U.S government. While there, he noticed that many peoplewere living in rusty, sheet metal shacks, which were hot in the day and coldat night. Hays plan was to remove the insulation from the roof on winterdays so that the roof would get hot, and Replacing the insulation at night toallow the shack to be warm through the night. Then in the summer, hewould so the reverse of what he did in winter to let the house cool at nightand replacing the insulation in the daytime to block out the heat. Then overthe years, Hay and a man named John Yellott constructed a 3- by3.7-m building using water basins as the actual roofing material. Duringthe summer, a slab of foam insulation was rolled back at night, and thewater would become cold through the night sky evaporation. Since thewater supply sat directly on a metal ceiling, it absorbed the heat from theroom and kept the building air-conditioned all day. During the winter, themovable insulation was rolled back in the daytime which allowed for it tocollect heat. This generated enough heat into the house through the ceilingat night to keep the room comfortable (McDaniels 179-181). Smothering dreams EssayIn a poll that we had conducted around our neighborhood, we foundthat only five percent of the people on our street have solar poweredproducts. This is very surprising to me. We had expected the average to besomewhat higher. Mrs. Richard is one of the person who we asked that hadsolar products such as: solar battery and solar heating. She believes thateveryone should at least give solar products a try because you can alwaysdepend on it when you need it. Other people like Mr. Pham said that thereis no use to solar power because when the sky is cloudy, there is no sun topower any of the solar product. He prefers to stick to electricity. Peoplehave different ways of looking at solar energy so its up to them if they wantsun energy or electricity. Who knows, maybe one day, everyone will agreeon using solar energy. As for us, we still prefer solar over electricity anyday. Works CitedCheremisinoff, Pual N. Principles ; Applications Of Solar Energy. AnnArbor Science Publishers: Michigan, 1979. Holstroemn, Isaac R. Energy From The Sun. Tab Books, Inc:Pennsylvania, 1981. McDaniels, David K. The Sun. John Wiley ; Sons, Inc: Canada, 1984. McPhillips, Martin. The Solar Energy. Everest House: New Yrok, 1983. Regino, Thomas C. Solar Energy. St. Martins Press, Inc: New Yrok, 1986. Rose, Harvey. Solar Energy Now. Ann Arbor Science Publishers:1982.

Psychology Dreams Essays - Dream, Mental Processes, Neuroscience

Psychology: Dreams I don't use drugs, my dreams are frightening enough. (Escher) Why do we dream? Are they instructions from the spiritual world or just deep, hidden wishes that can be used to unlock the secrets of the unconscious mind? Nobody knows for sure. One theory that is prevalent today is that dreams result from the physiological exercise of the synapses of the brain. There is no proven fact on why we dream, which is why there are so many theories on the topic. There is Freud's theory that dreams carry our hidden desires and Jung's theory that dreams carry meaning, although not always of desire, and that the dreamer can interpret these dreams. After these theories, others continued such as the Cayce theory in that dreams are our bodies means of building up of the mental, spiritual and physical well being. Finally came the argument between Evans' theory and the Crick and Mitchinson theory. Evans states that dreaming is our bodies way of storing the vast array of information gained during the day, whereas Crick and Mitchinson say that this information is being dumped rather than stored. Whichever theory is true, we may never know, but from these following theories we can decide for ourselves what we believe to be true and further help us into understanding our dreams. My own personal theory on why we dream is that the subconscious mind is always working. This results in dreams. The subconscious mind in an attempt to file away all of the information from the previous day results in dreams. A dream in my opinion is nothing more than a chemical reaction in the brain. In laboratory tests, when people were awaked during the RAPID EYE MOVEMENT (REM) stage of sleep and asked to report what was on their mind just before awaking, about 90% reported an experience termed TRUE DREAM. When a true dream is experienced is seems as if it were an actual event rather than one thought or imagined. True dreams often involve a series of such experiences woven together in a somewhat bizarre story. Even those people who claimed to rarely dream or only remember fragments of dreams in the mornings were able to give detailed accounts of a true dream experience when awakened during REM sleep. Those who were awakened during SLOW-WAVE sleep (the deeper, less mentally active stages of sleep) reported mental activity in only about 60% of cases. Usually, this activity lacked the vivid sensory and motor hallucinations of true dreams. This type of mental activity is called SLEEP THOUGHT, and usually pertains to what the person had been thinking about most of the day. However this thought is usually much less productive than that of conscious thoughts (while the person is awake). Those who believe that we dream due to the brain's regular exercise of groups of neurons cite evidence that synapses can degenerate if they go too long without being active; this neural activity during REM sleep helps to preserve important neural pathways. When neurons in the motor and perceptual regions of the brain are exercised in this manner, the inevitable side-effect are the dreams we experience. The increased mental thought activity is due to the sleep thought being engaged in trying to make sense of these movements and hallucinations. Psychology

What Makes a Good Chemistry Term Paper Simple Chemistry Term Paper Tips for Beginners

What Makes a Good Chemistry Term Paper Simple Chemistry Term Paper Tips for Beginners When it’s time to start writing your chemistry term paper, chances are you’ll find yourself in the middle of new questions or asking yourself, ‘OK, what am I supposed to do next?’ You can get some fresh ideas based on thinking about actions you’re supposed to complete before actual writing that may be useful later when you work on the rough draft. Getting started is the most difficult part. It’s obvious that you have to conduct in-depth research on the topic and take notes. However, there are some other aspects that busy students usually forget about when they begin their writing journey. The following chemistry term paper tips are important to take as they won’t let you deviate from the chosen path. Know your audience. You need to know who your target reader is and what kind of content he/she will expect to receive from you. Knowing who is on the other side will impact your research, the experiments you’ll perform and the data you’ll make use of. Understand your starting point. You can choose to provide a list of recourses you’ re going to use later; to craft an outline that will become the ‘skeleton’ of your project or to research your topic if you’ve got one. Proper planning is a perfect start for a chemistry term paper. Choose the topic. The field of chemistry has a bunch of hot topics, which means it’s highly important to know your interests and passions in the subject to choose the issue you’ll be able to research effectively. Topics If you want to craft a unique project in the area of chemistry, it’s all about the topic. Actually, about picking one. Most chemistry term papers are completed in a formulaic style, so whether you choose to write about the most recent advances in battery science or Mary Curie and the way she influenced modern Chemistry, it’ll be written in the same way. Since chemical processes and interactions can be seen in everything that occurs day to day, chances are you’ll end up with a bunch of term paper topics (usually very similar to each other!) just waiting for you to explore them. Choosing an attractive topic should come down to the following: Your main idea is your passion. Chemistry can get boring faster than you think if you’re dealing with the wrong concepts of it. If you’re particularly interested in something, it’s time to look closely into it! The point here is that your passion may lead you to the brand-new discoveries. Your lab tools and other resources. If you’re lucky enough to have direct access to the chemistry equipment and the lab itself, you’ll face more term paper options to stick to. Feel free to set yourself apart from your classmates by using one of the topics offered below: Theory and Computation in Catalysts; Explaining the Reasons Why the Matter Exists i Three Distinct States; The Links Between the Synthetic And Biological Worlds; Atomic Structure: The Electronic Structure and the Nuclear Structure of Atoms; Similarities in the Sildenafil and Amitriptyline Compositions; How Inorganic and Organic Molecules Differ under the Microscope; Acid Rain and Its Human Body Implications; The Bond Between the Noble Gasses and Fluorine; Vitamin Deficiencies in Humans; The Difference Between Distilled And Deionized Water; Svante Arrhenius Father of Physical Chemistry. There are great topics to research and discuss, as the academics do not cease to debate these issues within the field. Plus, this also means that you’ll find a plethora of sources to turn into the ingredients of your term paper, which is a must for this type of assignment. Drafting a Thesis Statement: A Sample by Our Top Writers At this point, you’re required to sketch up a solid thesis statement that is a single sentence including your topic and your viewpoint. In other words, the thesis statement serves as the author’s answer to the central question or issue of your research. With this element at hand, you’ll be able to see where you’re going and to remain on the right track as you write. Before getting started, decide on what you want to write about and make your thesis statement both precise and appealing. If you’ve decided to know more about the personal life of Madam Curie, the thesis statement that will definitely work out is out there: ‘In 1891, Marie Curie finally made her way to Paris, where she became a part of a professional community of Sorbonne. The lady scientist threw herself into chemistry studies, but she had to pay the price for such a dangerous dedication. With little budget, she survived on a poor diet, which made her organism suffer.’ Introduction The key function of the intro is to introduce the readers to the chemistry topic and to outline the structure of the term paper. It includes a specific set of information and is composed in accordance with some formal rules. The introduction of the chemistry term paper makes up nearly one-tenth of the whole project. For a typical term paper, this part is usually entitled â€Å"Introduction† without any quotation marks. Provide a paragraph that includes a quick overview of the key argument within the criticism related to the paper topic. The main questions that you may address in this sections indirectly are ‘To what extent can this focus enrich the experiments conducted previously?’ or ‘Why do the results of the analysis/experiment matter in the context of the chosen topic?’. It is crucial to remain clear in the way you go on with conceptualizing your own findings. Elaborate on your thesis statement. How exactly are you going to perform your research? Provide a short outline of how you’re going to approach the topic and in which order the issues will be dealt with. Plus, mention the theories that you use and the aspects that you analyze: ‘A remarkable method for the organic compounds’ synthesis is the addition reaction of nucleophiles to the activated alkynes. The results of the addition mentioned before lie in zwitterionic species that can be trapped with a range of electrophiles or proton donors.’ The best way to structure your introduction is to follow the three-move approach shown below: Step 1. Set a Research Territory (e.g. Radioactive Isotopes) a. Show that the general research area is interesting, crucial and problematic in some way (‘Radioactive isotopes have many useful applications. In medicine, for instance, cobalt-60 is widely employed as a source of radiation to arrest the development of cancer’). b. Present and review elements of prior research in the area of chemistry (‘Frederick Soddy, English radiochemist, did much of his research on the basis of the products of radioactive decay. In the early 1900s, he had learned that radioactive substances such as thorium and radium transmuted into other elements as they decayed’). Step 2. Choose a Niche (Isolation of Deuterium; Application of Tritium in Nuclear Fusion, etc.) a. Introduce a gap in the previous research, or extend previous knowledge by some means. Step 3. Occupy the Niche a. Outline purposes or state the nature of the present research. b. List the research questions or hypotheses. c. Announce principle findings. d. State the value of the present research (‘Without a doubt, Isotopes will find even more uses in this century. For although the periodic table comprises 118 elements at the moment, there are up to 3300 known nuclides (the isotopes together with their various nuclear energy states). The biggest part of science happens on that wider playing field, which can later bring dozens of benefits to society’). e. Indicate the structure of the research paper. Main Part The body of the chemistry term paper is the place, where you have to provide the actual implementation of your argumentation. It must be logically comprehensible and clear. Here, you include the arguments that prove the thesis statement you’ve inserted in your introduction by going into details related to those aspects you’d like to concentrate on. The structure of the main part will depend on the objective of the paper. For that reason, there are no strict rules on how many chapters your Chemistry term paper must comprise and which aspects must be considered. To cut a long story short: Divide the body of the term paper into sections and subsections. Each element should comprise a key point in the argument or any relevant data. Develop your arguments in a comprehensive manner, step-by-step. Feel free to quote certain positions/viewpoints and then disprove them or contrast them with your own (‘Contrary to the Global Chemistry Experiment conducted by UNESCO, it is reasonable to†¦, because †¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢). All literature that you make use of in the process of work requires a reference. This applies to the quotation of the data, ideas, and text. Predict and address the alternative explanations of the results. The point is that commenting on potential doubts will help you to avoid any misunderstanding and false interpretation of your results. Besides, the evaluation of the alternative explanations might serve as a logical step to the research context. Show how your chemistry findings fit into the general picture of the current research, as well as how your term paper contributes to the existing knowledge in the scientific community. Smooth Transitions Keep your reader in mind as you write your Chemistry term paper. Sum up your results at the end of every section. Moreover, it’s recommended to openly point out the relationships between the separate segments of your project with the help of transitions and road-mapping to inform your reader on where he/she is going. Thus, they will be able to enjoy your content and easily orient in the world you’ve created. The End The concluding paragraph of the term paper in the field of chemistry summarizes the key arguments of the project, as well as adds the results of the of the main part to the thesis statement. A helpful strategy here is to read and re-read the introduction, the discussion and the results to craft a well-structured conclusion that will sum up the paper’s focus. Refer back to the issue you’ve researched, and describe the conclusion that you reached in the process of work, sum up interpretations and observations: We have described the reaction between dibenzoylacetylene and 4-alkylaminocoumarins and in DMSO and THF/H2O. The reaction of dibenzoylacetylene with 4-alkylaminocoumarins in THF/H2O (50:50) leads to the formation of 4-(alkylamino)-3-(1,4-dioxo-1,4-diphenylbut-2-en-2-yl)-2H-chromen-2-one derivatives in good yields. Think through the limitations and strengths of your research (suitability of the chosen methods, the fruitfulness of questions, perspective for further debates, broader implication of the results, etc.). Don’t simply include the introduction into the concluding section of the term paperwork for word. Provide your readers with the ultimate feeling that your term paper was worthwhile to read, as well as encourage further thinking. It’s late at night and you’re about to finish your term paper for the chemistry class. Regardless of the outcome, you know you’re going to submit your paper tomorrow. What is even more important is that you have the writing strategy that you’re going to keep for your future term papers, for doing research and taking notes, for conducting experiments and reviewing previous researches. You’re not going to lose your grade and, who knows, will become a productive chemist one day. But for now, celebrate the end of the writing process, which was made possible thanks to this chemistry term paper guide!

Segmented Worms and Their Species

Segmented Worms and Their Species Segmented worms (Annelida) are a group of invertebrates that includes about 12,000 species of earthworms, ragworms, and leeches. Segmented worms live in marine habitats such as the intertidal zone and near hydrothermal vents. Segmented worms also inhabit freshwater aquatic habitats as well as moist terrestrial habitats such as forest floors. Anatomy of Segmented Worms Segmented worms are bilaterally symmetrical. Their body consists of a head region, a tail region, and a middle region of numerous repeated segments. Each segment is separate from the others by a structure called septa. Each segment contains a complete set of organs. Each segment also has a pair of hooks and bristles and in marine species a pair of parapodia (appendages used for movement). The mouth is located on the first segment at the head-end of the animal and the gut runs through all segments to the end where an anus is located in the tail segment. In many species, blood circulates within blood vessels. Their body is filled with fluid that gives the animal shape through hydrostatic pressure. Most segmented worms burrow in terrestrial soils or sediments at the bottom of freshwater or marine waters. The body cavity of a segmented worm is filled with fluid inside which the gut runs the length of the animal from head to tail. The outer layer of the body consists of two layers of muscle, one layer that has fibers that run longitudinally, a second layer that has muscle fibers that run in a circular pattern. Segmented worms move by coordinating their muscles along the length of their body. The two layers of muscles (longitudinal and circular) can be contracted such that parts of the body can be alternately long and thin or short and thick. This enables the segmented worm to pass a wave of movement along its body that enables it to, for example, move through loose earth (in the case of the earthworm). They can make their head region thin so that it can be used to penetrate through new soil and build subterranean burrows and paths. Reproduction Many species of segmented worms reproduce asexually but some species reproduce sexually. Most species produce larvae that develop into small adult organisms. Diet Most segmented worms feed on decaying plant materials. An exception to this are the leeches, a group of segmented worms, are freshwater parasitic worms. Leeches have two suckers, one at the head end of the body, the other at the tail end of the body. They attach to their host to feed on blood. They produce an anticoagulant enzyme known as hirudin to prevent blood from clotting while they feed. Many leeches also ingest small invertebrate prey whole. Classification The beard worms (Pogonophora) and the spoon worms (Echiura) are considered to be close relatives of the annelids though their representation in the fossil record is rare. The segmented worms along with the beard worms and spoon worms belong to the Trochozoa. Segmented worms are classified within the following taxonomic hierarchy: Animals Invertebrates Segmented Worms Segmented worms are divided into the following taxonomic groups: Polychaetes - The polychaetes include about 12,000 species that are characterized by having multiple hairs on each segment. They have nuchal organs on their neck that function as chemosensory organs. Most polychaetes are marine animals although some species live in terrestrial or freshwater habitats.Clitellates - The clitellates include about 10,000 species that have no nuchal organs or parapodia. They are noted for their clitellum, a thick pink section of their body that produces a cocoon to store and feed fertilized eggs until they hatch. The Clitellates are further divided into the oligochaetes (which include earthworms) and the Hirudinea (the leeches).

Speculative markets, finance Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Speculative markets, finance - Coursework Example Additionally,the speculator has not to worry of any loss since the American Puts have the opportunities to exercise immediately, therefore will gain access the different values of mispricing at any given time even at its expiration (Shockley 12-45). A synthetic Long call will be created when the long stock position is to be combined with long put of the same series. Therefore, to get the long synthetic stock position for the we assume that; Maximum profit = unlimited The total position of the two individuals will be profitable if the stock is less or greater than $45 or. Such a scenario is known as strangle since the individuals hold two profitable positions to make profits under the bear and bull respectively. The value of a call option is adversely affected with the underlying stock price (in the case $ 390) is expected to drop by a rate equivalent to the value of the dividend on the ex-dividend date. However, as the above case is a call option the owner of the stock receives the cash dividends as of the ex-dividend date, hence the call option can be discounted by a figure as high as the dividend. Therefore, the Amazon call option priced $ 390 and N (d1 ) denotes the probability or the expected value of receiving the Amazon call option at the expiration of option. Therefore, when S rise to $1000 the N (d1 ) will reduce accordingly indicating that as S grows the chances of exercising the option at the expiry date becomes small due to the increment of market volatility for that stock given as 25%. Under this case the probability if decrement of the amazon may be reflected as the 390/1000= 0.39. With the stock value dropping to $50, the present value of the contingent adjusted to the risk becomes less than the exercise price of the option during the expiration date, therefore, making the call value to be zero at its expiration date holding that the probabilities are normally distributed. Ashley can create a bear spread via simultaneous